Simon Schwartzman, general coordination; Eduardo Krieger, biological sciences; Fernando Galembeck, physical sciences and engineering; Eduardo Augusto Guimarães, technology and industry; Carlos Osmar Bertero, Institutional analysis

Conclusion

The plurality and complexity of modern science and technology require the research institutions in universities, government and even the private sector to engage in a plurality of activities, from basic to applied science, from graduate education to extension work and teacher training. They should be also stimulated to diversify their sources of money, from government to private companies, nonprofit foundations and paying clients and students. Specialization will take place, is necessary, and should grow through a combination of external incentives and internal drive. Scientific research and development, to remain alive, should take place in a highly nternationalized and competitive environment for resources, prestige and recognition; and the leading scientists should be also entrepreneurs of this knowledge enterprise.